Cage regulates the rate of anabolic reactions

Anabolism or biosynthesis is the process by which living organisms synthesize complex molecules from simpler life. Anabolism, together, are two series of chemical processes in cells, which together are called. Anabolic reactions are different processes. This means that relatively few raw materials used to create a wide range of end products. This leads to an increase in size or cell complexityor more. Anabolic processes exert peptides, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids. These molecules include all material living cells, such as membrane and chromosomes, as well as specialized products of certain cell types, such as enzymes, antibodies and neurotransmitters. Catabolism, anabolism contrary, produces a small molecule used

synthesis of large molecules, as will be described below. Thus, unlike the divergent reactions of anabolism, catabolism is a convergent process in which many different types of molecules are broken down into relatively few types of end products. Required for anabolic supplied rich energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This energy exists in lasix 5 mg the form of high energy

between the second and third molecule of phosphate in ATP. Energy is released ATP when the link is broken, becoming ATP

(ADP). During the anabolic response, high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP is transferred to the substrate (the molecule worked on

) to break it in preparation for reuse of the molecule as a raw material for the synthesis of large molecules. In addition, SPS, some anabolic processes also require high energy

hydrogen atoms supplied to the molecule NADPH. Although anabolic and catabolism occurring simultaneously in the cell, the rate of th

managed independently of each other. For example, there are two ways to ferment glucose metabolism. Anabolic path synthesizes glucose, while glucose catabolism breaks. Two ways to share 9 of 11 enzymatic reactions of glucose metabolism that can occur in any order (for example, toward the anabolic or catabolism). However, two steps of glucose anabolism use a different set of enzymes-catalyzed reactions. There are two important reasons why a cell should have a separate anabolic and catabolic additional ways. First, catabolism is the so-called "downhill" process in which energy released, while anabolism requiring energy, and so vigorously the process of "uphill". At certain moments in anabolic way, the cell should be given more power in the reaction than excreted in catabolism. These steps require different series anabolic response than is used currently in the process of catabolism. Second, different ways of allowing the cell to control anabolic and catabolic routes of specific molecules independently of each other. This is important because there are times when the cell should slow down or stop the catabolic and anabolic particular ways in order to reduce the destruction and synthesis of a molecule. If both anabolism and catabolism have used the same way, the cell can not control

or process independently of the others: slower speed would slow catabolism anabolism. Instead anabolic and catabolic path may occur in different parts of the same cells. For example, in the liver, destruction >> << to the molecule acetyl-CoA occurs within mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny, membrane organelles that function as the primary site of cell ATP. Accumulation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA occurs in the cytosol of cells, ie in the water area of ​​the cell that contains a variety of solutions. Although the anabolic and catabolic routes operated independently as metabolic pathways share important common sequence of reactions that are known as the cycle >> << or. The Krebs cycle is part of a larger series of enzymatic reactions under the title of oxidative phosphorylation. This path is an important tool of destruction of glucose for energy that is stored in the form of ATP. But the molecules produced by the Krebs cycle can also be used as precursor molecules, or raw materials for anabolic reactions that make up proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Despite the independence of anabolism and catabolism, various stages of these processes is in some respects so closely linked that they form what may be considered "environmental enzymatic system." In this system, a change in one part of a number of metabolic reactions can have a wave effect throughout the anabolic and catabolic related ways. This ripple effect is the way cells counterbalance the increase or decrease anabolism molecules with opposite increasing or decreasing catabolism. This allows the cell to regulate anabolic and catabolic rate of responses to meet their immediate needs and prevent imbalances or anabolic or catabolic products. For example, when the cell has to produce specific proteins, it produces just enough of each of the different amino acids required for the synthesis of these proteins. In addition, some amino acids used in the cell to glucose, which appears in, or glycogen,

stored in the liver. Thus, products

catabolism do not accumulate, and how to feed the anabolic synthesis of carbohydrates. Thus, although many organisms accumulate energy much

such as carbohydrates and do not store other biomolecules such as proteins or nucleic acid building blocks. Cage regulates the rate of anabolic reactions using allostericheskih enzymes. The activity of these enzymes increases or decreases in response to the presence or absence of the final product a number of reactions. For example, anabolic series of reactions gives a particular amino acid, that amino acids inhibit the action of the enzyme allostericheskih, reducing the synthesis of that amino acid. . << >>