There is a clear understanding that when you ...

Real men get osteoporosis, too. Like many in 2000000 American men already have osteoporosis, thinning of bones, which makes bones brittle and porous and prone to fractures. Twelve million people at risk, and perhaps the first signs of bone loss and low bone density is called osteopenia. But given that four lasix no prescritpion times more women osteoporosis, men rarely end up with thin bones than women. Why is it lower risk? "Women live longer because they are more likely to get osteoporosis," says Paul Mystkowski, MD, endocrinologist Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle and clinical professor of the University of Washington in Seattle. And because men tend to be more physically active throughout his life, he says, men are less prone to bone loss, as the work has been shown to protect bone density. But there is much difference in male osteoporosis. "In general, osteoporosis in men is a symptom of something else," says Mystkowski ", while in older women is almost always in postmenopausal women."

And for many people, "something" is hormonal. The most common cause of osteoporosis in men is testosterone deficiency, says Mystkowski. "There's a clear consensus that if you evaluation of men with osteoporosis, you always have to assess the deficiency of testosterone," he says. For low testosterone men, doctors may recommend testosterone for bone formation. The dilemma is that science has not shown how many bones potential advantage is the direct effect of testosterone - or from the conversion of testosterone into estrogen. "Probably the bulk of the benefit is testosterone," Mystkowski says, "but it is important not to minimize the role of testosterone in estrogen conversion."

Men also need a small amount of estrogen, says Mystkowski. Estrogen maintains bone density - in men and women. In fact, all people normally convert testosterone to estrogen for the formation of bone mass. "If you look at people who do not have the enzymes to even small amounts of estrogen, because they are genetically born this way," says Mystkowski ", they get osteoporosis. If you give them estrogen improves their osteoporosis. So, although estrogen does not matter "t circulate in very high concentrations in men is an important factor for bone health."

Bones continuously grow throughout their life in a natural process, called the repair, the old cells in the bone shattering and new bone cells growing to replace them. But that new bone, your body needs large amounts of calcium and vitamin D. "This is a giant construction project," says Mystkowski. But without enough calcium and vitamin D, you can not build a framework for new bone and bone density change strongly with calcium and other minerals. .

In 1980, the development of more accurate ...

Osteoporosis, diseases, bone loss associated with aging and loss of estrogen may have negative consequences, but is silent (asymptomatic) to bone fractures. Despite the catastrophic consequences for health, high prevalence and enormous associated costs of care, osteoporosis has not been generally accepted definition in 1992. In 1980, the development of more precise medical imaging technology to measure bone density stimulated the medical communitys need and demand for a general definition. The lasix drug medical community tried and failed, to resolve these different definitions several times at the conference by consensus and through published articles. These experts finally accepted standard definition of an international consensus conference convened by the World Health Organization in 1992. Construction of osteoporosis as a disease risk quantitatively diagnosed medical imaging machines reflect current trends in medicine, including quantitative determination of disease model of risk factors, medical disciplinary boundaries, and global standardization of medical knowledge. .

Cage regulates the rate of anabolic reactions

Anabolism or biosynthesis is the process by which living organisms synthesize complex molecules from simpler life. Anabolism, together, are two series of chemical processes in cells, which together are called. Anabolic reactions are different processes. This means that relatively few raw materials used to create a wide range of end products. This leads to an increase in size or cell complexityor more. Anabolic processes exert peptides, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids. These molecules include all material living cells, such as membrane and chromosomes, as well as specialized products of certain cell types, such as enzymes, antibodies and neurotransmitters. Catabolism, anabolism contrary, produces a small molecule used

synthesis of large molecules, as will be described below. Thus, unlike the divergent reactions of anabolism, catabolism is a convergent process in which many different types of molecules are broken down into relatively few types of end products. Required for anabolic supplied rich energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This energy exists in lasix 5 mg the form of high energy

between the second and third molecule of phosphate in ATP. Energy is released ATP when the link is broken, becoming ATP

(ADP). During the anabolic response, high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP is transferred to the substrate (the molecule worked on

) to break it in preparation for reuse of the molecule as a raw material for the synthesis of large molecules. In addition, SPS, some anabolic processes also require high energy

hydrogen atoms supplied to the molecule NADPH. Although anabolic and catabolism occurring simultaneously in the cell, the rate of th

managed independently of each other. For example, there are two ways to ferment glucose metabolism. Anabolic path synthesizes glucose, while glucose catabolism breaks. Two ways to share 9 of 11 enzymatic reactions of glucose metabolism that can occur in any order (for example, toward the anabolic or catabolism). However, two steps of glucose anabolism use a different set of enzymes-catalyzed reactions. There are two important reasons why a cell should have a separate anabolic and catabolic additional ways. First, catabolism is the so-called "downhill" process in which energy released, while anabolism requiring energy, and so vigorously the process of "uphill". At certain moments in anabolic way, the cell should be given more power in the reaction than excreted in catabolism. These steps require different series anabolic response than is used currently in the process of catabolism. Second, different ways of allowing the cell to control anabolic and catabolic routes of specific molecules independently of each other. This is important because there are times when the cell should slow down or stop the catabolic and anabolic particular ways in order to reduce the destruction and synthesis of a molecule. If both anabolism and catabolism have used the same way, the cell can not control

or process independently of the others: slower speed would slow catabolism anabolism. Instead anabolic and catabolic path may occur in different parts of the same cells. For example, in the liver, destruction >> << to the molecule acetyl-CoA occurs within mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny, membrane organelles that function as the primary site of cell ATP. Accumulation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA occurs in the cytosol of cells, ie in the water area of ​​the cell that contains a variety of solutions. Although the anabolic and catabolic routes operated independently as metabolic pathways share important common sequence of reactions that are known as the cycle >> << or. The Krebs cycle is part of a larger series of enzymatic reactions under the title of oxidative phosphorylation. This path is an important tool of destruction of glucose for energy that is stored in the form of ATP. But the molecules produced by the Krebs cycle can also be used as precursor molecules, or raw materials for anabolic reactions that make up proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Despite the independence of anabolism and catabolism, various stages of these processes is in some respects so closely linked that they form what may be considered "environmental enzymatic system." In this system, a change in one part of a number of metabolic reactions can have a wave effect throughout the anabolic and catabolic related ways. This ripple effect is the way cells counterbalance the increase or decrease anabolism molecules with opposite increasing or decreasing catabolism. This allows the cell to regulate anabolic and catabolic rate of responses to meet their immediate needs and prevent imbalances or anabolic or catabolic products. For example, when the cell has to produce specific proteins, it produces just enough of each of the different amino acids required for the synthesis of these proteins. In addition, some amino acids used in the cell to glucose, which appears in, or glycogen,

stored in the liver. Thus, products

catabolism do not accumulate, and how to feed the anabolic synthesis of carbohydrates. Thus, although many organisms accumulate energy much

such as carbohydrates and do not store other biomolecules such as proteins or nucleic acid building blocks. Cage regulates the rate of anabolic reactions using allostericheskih enzymes. The activity of these enzymes increases or decreases in response to the presence or absence of the final product a number of reactions. For example, anabolic series of reactions gives a particular amino acid, that amino acids inhibit the action of the enzyme allostericheskih, reducing the synthesis of that amino acid. . << >>